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Wednesday 30 November 2016

World Aids Day 2016: 2,000 Proteins Present in HIV Virus

AIDS stands for: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
 HIV stands for: Human immunodeficiency virus
 AIDS is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV.
 World AIDS Day observed on 1 December every year.
 The earliest fully documented case of HIV dates back to 1959. A Congolese man's blood sample from a medical study was preserved, found, and then analyzed in 1998. It was verified that he had been HIV+.Several naysayers have claimed that the disease originated from the use of African green monkey kidneys to cultivate poliovirus in the late 1950's and early 1960's.The first recorded cases in the U.S. occurred in New York City in 1952, 1959, and 1979.The first reported cases were those in the June 5, 1981.
 HIV infection existed at low levels for a long period of time in small tribal communities in Africa. Extensive use of blood transfusions for the treatment of Malaria and the frequent use and reuse of hypodermics for everything from immunizations and antibiotics to vitamin injections would contribute to spreading of HIV.
 1980’s timeline of AIDS
 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) reported first official reporting of AIDS epidemic.
 In December 10, 1982 reports mentioned 23 cases of immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants.
 The causative agent for AIDS was identified as ‘Retrovirus’
 In the 1980’s only some organizations identified that by “avoiding injection drug use and reducing needle-sharing “should also be effective in preventing transmission of the virus.”
 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) license the first commercial blood test- ELISA - to detect antibodies to HIV in the blood.
 1990’s timeline of AIDS
 FDA approved first medication named zidovudine (AZT) for pediatric AIDS and even it licenses a 10-minute diagnostic test kit which can be used by health professionals to detect the presence of HIV-1.
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published guidelines for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through transplantation of human tissue and organs.
 Important public health service recommended that pregnant women be given the antiretroviral drug AZT to reduce the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV.
 In 1990’s 500,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the U.S.
 2000’s timeline of AIDS
 FDA approved the first rapid HIV diagnostic test kit for use in the United States that provides results with 99.6 percent accuracy in as little as 20 minutes
 Many government authorities started taking precautionary methods like producing new vaccines to AIDS, new type of test kits, precautionary measurements to other diseases which can lead to AIDS.
Spreading HIV
 According researchers opinion HIV evolved at some point from the closely related Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and that SIV or HIV (post mutation) was transferred from non-human primates.
 HIV-1 virus can be transferred from chimpanzees and gorillas to humans
 HIV-2 virus can be from sooty mangabeys to humans
 In most non-human primate species, natural SIV infection does not cause a fatal disease. Comparison of the gene sequence of SIV with HIV should therefore give us information about the factors necessary to cause disease in humans. The factors that determine the virulence of HIV as compared to most SIVs are only now being elucidated. Non-human SIVs contain a nef gene that down-regulates CD3, CD4, and MHC class I expression; most non-human SIVs therefore do not induce immunodeficiency; the HIV-1 nef gene however has lost its ability to down-regulate CD3, which results in the immune activation and apoptosis that is characteristic of chronic HIV infection.

1 comment:

  1. Thank you for sharing this amazing article. From this article we can learn about the need for water and the methods of purifying water.
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