HOUSTON, US: Rice University researchers have created a reagent from the goop from pine trees. This goop contains compounds known as terpenes, which is used in the manufacture of food, cosmetics and drugs.
Laszlo Kurti, a synthetic chemist at Rice describes his victory at creating highly efficient aminating and hydroxylating reagents from abundant and bio-renewable terpenoids that promise to make the reagents’ use environmentally friendly and cost-effective.
The work is published in the journal Nature Chemistry.
Amination introduces amino groups into organic molecules to create amines, compounds with one or more nitrogen atoms that are important to metabolic processes. Hydroxylation incorporates oxygen-hydrogen (hydroxyl) groups into organic compounds to create alcohols or phenols. Reagents prompt or report on chemical reactions when added to a system.
The lab’s method permits for the rapid synthesis of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing molecules by using terpenoid-derived reagents at or below room temperature and in one step. These multifunctional reagents enable the easy transfer of oxygen and nitrogen atoms during the synthesis of a wide range of compounds and can be recycled and reused, which cuts waste and saves money for manufacturers, Kurti said.
“Terpenoids like camphor and fenchone are abundant and bio-renewable natural products,” said Kurti, an associate professor of chemistry at Rice. “I’m excited about their use as robust reagent scaffolds because these are about as cheap as they get.”
The new, bio-renewable reagent scaffold is a middleman that allows the transfer of either nitrogen or oxygen from one molecule to another. Most reagents are used only once and discarded. The researchers sought a better way to include nitrogen and oxygen atoms into sometimes-delicate molecules and in the process discovered a single scaffold that could be used for the transfer of either oxygen or nitrogen.
“A long time ago, people realised it would be nice if we could have a one-step conversion of negatively charged carbons (i.e., carbanions such as those found in arylmetals) into primary amines that now contain a new carbon-nitrogen bond,” he said. “This is difficult because the nitrogen-hydrogen bonds in traditional aminating agents are very acidic and rapidly destroy the delicate carbanions.”
The researchers discovered that aminating agents with bulky terpenoid scaffolds can effectively shield the nitrogen-hydrogen bond while still exposing the nitrogen to contact with the arylmetal, he said. “We demonstrated that camphor and fenchone-derived bulky nitrogen-hydrogen oxaziridines (triangular molecules in which oxygen, nitrogen and carbon atoms are interconnected) transfer the nitrogen atom exclusively to arylmetals, while nitrogen-alkyl oxaziridines transfer the oxygen atom exclusively.
“Given that the oxaziridines are oxidising agents, it was remarkable to see otherwise easily oxidised functionalities like thioethers, tertiary amines and conjugated double bonds survive the heteroatom-transfer process intact,” Kurti said.
He said that all of the terpene-derived oxaziridines are stable at room temperature. “We can keep it on the bench indefinitely and nothing happens to it,” Kurti said. “The previous processes were less practical since they relied on highly reactive — thus unstable — aminating agents that required storage at low temperatures.
“Oxygen and nitrogen are exceedingly important heteroatoms,” he said. “So, using the same bio-renewable terpenoid scaffold and making just a very minor structural change to transfer one or the other heteroatom is huge. It’s stable, it doesn’t decompose, it doesn’t use transition metals and you don’t need expensive ligands. That’s why it’s so cool.”
Hongyin Gao, Rice postdoctoral researcher is the lead author of the paper. Co-authors are Rice postdoc researcher Zhe Zhou and graduate student Nicole Behnke; students include Doo-Hyun Kwon, James Coombs and Steven Jones; and Daniel Ess, an associate professor of chemistry and biochemistry, at Brigham Young University.
This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Robert A Welch Foundation, Amgen and Biotage.
Read More: New reagent made from pine trees ease chemical synthesis
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